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Norwood Russell Hanson (1924–1967) was an American philosopher of science. Hanson was a pioneer in advancing the argument that observation is theory-laden — that observation language and theory language are deeply interwoven — and that historical and contemporary comprehension are similarly deeply interwoven. His single most central intellectual concern was the comprehension and development of a logic of discovery. ==Work== Hanson's best-known work is ''Patterns of Discovery'' (1958), in which he argues that what we see and perceive is not what our senses receive, but is instead filtered sensory information, where the filter is our existing preconceptions – a concept later called a 'thematic framework.' He cited optical illusions such as the famous old Parisienne woman (''Patterns of Discovery'', p. 11), which can be seen in different ways. Hanson drew a distinction between 'seeing as' and 'seeing that' which became a key idea in evolving theories of perception and meaning. He wanted to formulate a logic explaining how scientific discoveries take place. He used Charles Sanders Peirce's notion of abduction for this.〔Schwendtner, Tibor and Ropolyi, László and Kiss, Olga (eds.): ''Hermeneutika és a természettudományok (Meaning of the title: Hermeneutics and the natural sciences)''. Áron Kiadó, Budapest, 2001.〕 Hanson's other books include ''The Concept of the Positron'' (1963). Hanson was a staunch defender of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, which regards questions such as ''"Where was the particle before I measured its position?"'' as meaningless. The philosophical issues involved were important elements in Hanson's views of perception and epistemology. He was intrigued by paradoxes, and with the related concepts of uncertainty, undecidability/unprovability, and incompleteness; he sought models of cognition that could embrace these elements, rather than simply explain them away. Hanson's posthumous works include ''What I Do Not Believe and Other Essays'' (1971) and ''Constellations and Conjectures'' (1973). He is also known for the essays ''What I Do Not Believe'' and ''The Agnostic's Dilemma,'' among other writings on belief systems. From Michael Scriven's preface to Hanson's posthumous ''Perception and Discovery'': In a general sense Hanson continues the application of the Wittgensteinian approach to the philosophy of science, as Waissman and Toulmin have also done. But he goes much further than they, exploring questions about perception and discovery in more detail, and ... tying in the history of science for exemplification and for its own benefit. Hanson was one of the rare thinkers in the tradition of Whewell – a man he much admired – who could really benefit from and yield benefits for both the history and philosophy of science. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Norwood Russell Hanson」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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